^129:1 The other two orders of Buddhist monks are (r.) Lu-shi, or "Disciplinists," who go barefoot and follow rigidly the rules enjoined in the early ages of Buddhism, for the observance of all who entered on the ascetic life; (2.) Fa-shi, or those who perform the common duties of priests, engage in popular teaching, and study the literature of their religion. The word Ch'an (in old Chinese, jan and dan), originally signifying "resign," had not the meaning to "contemplate" (now its commonest sense), before the Buddhists adopted it to represent the Sanscrit term Dhyana. The word in Chinese books is spelt in full jan-na, and is explained, "to reform one's self by contemplation or quiet thought." Perhaps an Eastern extension of the Jaina, or some lost sect, still existing in India, took place thus early. The marked difference between the Buddhism of Bodhidharma, and that already existing in China, requires some such supposition. These three orders still exist. The common priests met with in temples are not considered to deserve either denomination, but on the supposition that they fulfil their duties, they are Fa-shi. Distinguished priests are called Ch'an-shi. The emperors till very recently have always been accustomed to give names to distinguished priests. The early translators were honoured with the title San-tsang fa-shi. In common cases the title Ch'an-shi is all that is appended to the new name given by the imperial favour to those who, from their learning and character, are supposed to deserve it.

^132:1 The Yoga or Yogachara school was founded by Asengha, and its system taught in China by Pu-k'ung (Amogha). It combined Brahmanism, Shivaism, and the doctrine of Dhyana Buddhas (derived from Nepaul), with the Mahayana philosophy.

^132:2 See the work called Ts'ien-sheu ts'ien-yen kwan-shi-yin p'u-sa to-pei-sin to-to-ni, "The magical formula of the Bodhisattwa Kwan-shi-yin, who has a thousand hands and eyes and a merciful heart." "Da-la-ni" (To-to-ni) is in Sanscrit Dharani, "a charm." See also the very popular work called Yu-k'ia-yen-k'eu, universally used by the priests as a mass-book for the benefit of the hungry dead, who come, in consequence of the priest's incantations, from hell, with "flaming mouths" (yen-k'eu) to receive "sweet dew" (kan-lu) and go back relieved.

^132:3 These notices of foreign Buddhists are taken from the Supplement to the well-known cyclopaedia Wen-hien-t'ung-k'au.

^135:1 Watters, p. 42.