A muttered charm is called "dharani," or, in Chinese, cheu.

Footnotes

^399:1 S. Julien is wrong in making the first of these four characters end in n. It is pat in old Chinese; but pat was often par. See p. 201 of my Introduction to the Study of the Chinese Characters. Thus the famous word karma, "cause," "fate," was transliterated kat-ma, the t being heard as r.

^399:2 The character de should be transliterated dek. That the k was then lost is shown by its use in this case. The loss of k final was beginning.