^172:1 The straits to which Buddhism in China was at this time reduced may be seen in the fact, noticed by Kaeuffer, that about 555 an attempt was made forcibly to unite Buddhism and Taoism, in a common enterprise against the powerful Confucianists--a foreshadowing of Ryobu Shinto. The attempt failed because the Taoist priests objected to having their heads shaved, and the failure only made things worse.

^172:2 This must be considered as the date of the official introduction of Buddhism.

^173:1 The Emperor would scarcely have adopted this course had not Iname been backed by a considerable number of influential sympathizers.

^173:2 Hotoke, the Japanese term for a Buddha.

^174:1 In preparing this chapter I have largely consulted the historical sections of Rein's "Japan," which remains a standard work. For the Buddhist part I am much indebted to the painstaking chronology published by my friend, Dr. Hans Haas, of Heidelberg, in Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft fur Natur and Volkerkunde Ostasiens, vol. xi. 3 (Berlin: Behrend & Co., Unter den Linden 16).

^174:2 The statue of Amitabha, with Avalokites'vara and Mahasthamaprapta, sent over by the King of Kudara, in 552, is said to be now at the Zenkoji Temple at Nagano. See Satow and Hawes, "Handbook of Japan," p. 289.

^176:1 See Haas, "Chronology of Buddhism, A.D. 623 and 628," in Mitteilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft far Natur and Volkerkunde Ostasiens.

^176:2 See Nanjo, "Cat. Trip.," Introd., p. xviii.

^177:1 "Murakami," p. 446. The words are Sho-metsu-ichi-i-dan-jo-ko-rai ().

^177:2 For the meaning of Sanron see previous chapter.