(4) Pranayama.

27. Restraint of breath comprises Rechaka (emptying), Puraka (filling in), and Kumbhaka (stopping).

(5) Pratyahara.

28. The restraining of all the sense-organs from their objects is said to be Pratyahara by those who know the process of pratyahara.

(6) Dharana.

29. The fixing of the manas on some object of thought (adhara) is termed Dharana, concentration.

The object of thought may be one of the six chakras in the body, or the Divine Being in the form of Vishnu, etc., imaged in the heart.

(7) Dhyana.

Meditation of Brahma, Vishnu, Siva and the like is termed Dhyana.

Dharana is the mere fixing of the manas and prana on some object; while Dhyana consists in a continuous stream of thought directed to Vishnu or some such object of thought.

(8) Samadhi.

30. Steadiness of buddhi in Dhyana is called Samadhi; while the Amanaska-Samadhi is free from all thought (of differentiation).

Yoga necessary for steadiness of Manas and Prana.

31. When chitta, the thinking principle, attains steadiness, prana becomes steady.

For steadiness of chitta, the devotee should practise Yoga with Dhyana.

Lambika-Yoga.

32. To contract apana, to restrain prana, and to fix the tongue on the uvula,--this is a means to Yoga, to the restraining of chitta.

Signs of perfection in Yoga.

33. When chitta becomes steady and prana is centred within, then, on gaining control over the five elements, respectively, the following marks appear:

Control over the five elements (bhutas) may be gained by practising Dharana on their respective seats in the body. The seat of earth extends from the foot to the knee; the seat of water from the knee to the navel; the seat of fire, from the navel to the throat; the seat of air, from the throat to the region between the eyebrows; and the seat of akasa, from that region to Brahma-randhra.

34. Small quantity of dung, urine, and phlegm; health and lightness of the body; fine smell, voice, and complexion,--these form the first group of marks of Yoga, (marks of control over the earth-element).

35. Not to be affected by the tips of thorns, not to become immersed in water and mire, power to endure hunger, thirst and the like,--these form the second group of marks of Yoga, (marks of control over the water-element).

36. Power to eat and drink much, to endure sun and fire, to see and hear far,--these form the third group of marks

of Yoga, (marks of control over the fire-element).

37. To leap like a frog, to jump over trees like a monkey, to walk in the air,--these form the fourth group of marks of Yoga, (marks of control over the air-element).

38. Knowledge of all times, superhuman powers such as anima, possession of endless powers,--these form the fifth group of marks of Yoga, (marks of control over the akasa-element).