refusal to send for doctors (Cf. jisetsu torai), the vigorous abstinence from meat which Zendo preached; the belief that the devotee would cease from all further transmigrations, and go at death, straight to the paradise beyond, without needing to make supplication to Buddha. Also the belief that salvation has nothing to do with morals (akunin shoki), but only with faith.

On the other hand it must be observed:--

(a) That many of the above points are to be found in other sects of Japanese Buddhism. Besides the above, it may be observed that Nichiren (see Seigoroku. p. 64) mentions Mani by name as a great sage, that he speaks of those who invoke Mahes'vara (according to Deveria, a very Manichaean devotion) and classifies them as heretics equally with those who invoke Amida, though without identifying the two (see Seigoroku. pp. 97. 622); and finally that the prohibition of the seven pungent herbs (#), which is essentially Manichaean, is found is many sects. (See Bukkyo Kyomon Kaitoshu vol. iii. p. 239). There are also many sects in Japan which have adopted the dualistic Principle (#) of yo (#) and in (#) which is common both to Manichaeism and to its parent religion, Zoroastrianism.

And (b), whatever may be said of the other sects of Amidaism, it is clear that Shinshuism has discarded all or almost all the Manichaean elements mentioned above, and reformed itself in every instance in what may be termed a Christian direction. It allows marriage, it permits the eating of meat and of pungent herbs. It does not teach Dualism, unless it be that the distinction between

[paragraph continues] Shinnyo and Mumyo (#) constitutes Dualism: it has scotched, though not killed, the akunin shoki theory, for which it has invented a new explanation, and no Shinshuist to day would hesitate about sending for a doctor if he were unwell. Honen (Genku) may have been a Manichaean. Shinran certainly was not. Between Honen and Shinran the lotus of Shinshuism, for some cause, known perhaps but not disclosed, pushed itself several feet higher up into the sunlight of Truth. Manichaean elements became less prominent and distinct, the resemblance to Christianity became more pronounced.

Shinran's name is concocted of syllables taken from the names of two of his illustrious predecessors, Genshin and Donran. It may be that he found in these two teachers the inspiration of those reforms which made his followers differ from those of his predecessor Honen. Future study may perhaps enable us to lay bare the real teachings of these two Sages of the Shinshu.

APPENDIX III.

CAULAUCAU.