if he gave the title of Komyoji, it must have been for the quality of the doctrine and not by reason of any doubtful miracle. But it is quite probable that "luminous temple" and Komyoji may have been used as alternative titles to describe the Faith in One Saviour as taught, both by the Nestorians and the children of Zendo, during the period of collaboration, and that later, when Taitsung ordered the two to keep apart, the name of Komyoji was taken by the Buddhist section of the "movement" as their own specific designation, the Manichaeans distinguishing their temple by the title Dai-un-komyoji.

This view receives considerable support form Japanese history. Shotoku Taishi, whom the Shinshu honor as the first of their Zenchishiki or Saints, died in 621, shortly after the commencement of the Tang dynasty. Buddhism was, therefore, in full swing in Japan when, in 636, the Nestorian Mission arrived at Singanfu, and Zendo began his preaching, and there were many Japanese students being sent yearly to China for purposes of study. [**] Not only so, but there were malty Chinese families residing in Japan and naturalized there (ayabito), and it has been noticed that most of Kotoku Tenno's Taikwa Reforms (A.D. 645-654) were worked out for him by these ayabito. [*+] The whole of the Nara period was an age in which Japan was peculiarly

sensitive to Chinese influences, and especially to the influences of Chinese Buddhism.

This influence seems to have reached its maximum during the reign of Shomu Tenno (724-748) and his Consort Komyo Kogo (the very name, a posthumous one, is in itself significant. Shomu Tenno was a very zealous Buddhist. He founded hospitals and charitable institutions, and his Empress distinguished herself by personally undertaking the nursing of lepers [**]--a truly Christian work. Japan was in no position at the time to undertake hospital work unaided. Foreign doctors had to be employed, and the industry of Japanese students has recently shown us the presence in Japan, at the Court, of a Nestorian Christian (the Nestorian Christians were famous all over the East for their skill in medicine). [*+] Here,

therefore, we have possibly, two instances of simultaneous collaboration, Buddhist and Christian uniting in the production of books in China, and in works of charity in Japan.

In 781, the Singanfu monument is erected, and, shortly before, or afterwards, the Chinese Emperor finds reason for prohibiting the collaboration. In 782 the Emperor Kwammu comes to the throne of Japan. The Buddhists have been giving themselves airs for some time, and the ambitious priest Dokyo, intriguing with the Empress Shotoku (765-769), has assumed the title of Ho O, or "religious emperor," a kind of pope! Kwammu determines to put an end to the political intrigues of the Nara clergy, removes his capital to Kyoto, and sends Kobo and Dengyo to China to investigate religion. They come