We have postponed the discussion of Professor Lassen's third argument, the ahimsa, because it will be better treated together with the other moral precepts of both sects. Professor Weber has pointed out the near relation existing between the five great vows of the Gainas and the five cardinal sins and virtues of the Buddhists; and Professor Windisch has compared the Gaina vows (mahavrata) with the ten obligations of the Buddhists (dasasil).

The Ten Precepts for the Buddhist ascetics are the following :

1. I take the vow not to destroy life.

2. I take the vow not to steal.

3. I take the vow to abstain from impurity.

4. I take the vow not to lie.

5. I take the vow to abstain from intoxicating drinks which hinder progress and virtue.

6. I take the vow not to eat at forbidden times.

7. I take the vow to abstain from dancing, singing, music, and stage plays.

8. I take the vow not to use garlands, scents, unguents, or ornaments.

9. I take the vow not to use a high or broad bed.

10. I take the vow not to receive gold or silver.

The Buddhists have also Eight Precepts (atthangasila), of which the first five (pankasila) are binding, on every Buddhist, while the rest are only recommended to pious laymen :

1. One should not destroy life.

2. One should not take that which is not given.

3. One should not tell lies.

4. One should not become a drinker of intoxicating drinks.

5. One should refrain from unlawful sexual intercourse--an ignoble thing.

6. One should not eat unseasonable food at nights.

7. One should not wear garlands or use perfumes.

8. One should sleep on a mat spread on the ground.

The five Buddhist vows nearly agree with those of the Gaina ascetics, viz.:

1. Not to destroy life (ahimsa).

2. Not to lie (sunrita).

3. Not to take that which is not given (asteya).

4. To abstain from sexual intercourse (brahmakarya).

5. To renounce all interest in worldly things, especially to call nothing one's own (aparigraha).

The fifth precept of the Gainas is much more comprehensive than the corresponding one of the Buddhists, but the other precepts are the same, in a different order, as Nos. 1-4 of the Buddhists. The agreement is indeed so striking that it would seem hard to avoid the conclusion that one sect borrowed their precepts from the other. Yet the question whether the Buddhists or the Gainas were the borrowers, would still remain an open one. It can be shown, however, that neither the Buddhists nor the Gainas have in this regard any claim to originality, but that both have only adopted the five vows of the Brahmanic ascetics (samnyasin). The latter must keep the following five vows :

1. Abstention from injuring living beings.

2. Truthfulness.

3. Abstention from appropriating the property of others.

4. Continence.