with these Kalyanakas that the Lives of the Ginas are chiefly concerned, and this fact seems to prove that the custom of mentioning the Kalyanakas in the worship of the Tirthakaras is a very old one; for otherwise it would be impossible to conceive what could have induced an author to treat so largely of so barren a subject as has been done in the Kalpa Sutra. But whatever may be the age of the several parts of the Kalpa Sutra, it is certain that this work has been held in high esteem by the Gainas for more than a thousand years. It therefore deserves a place in this collection of translations from the Sacred Books of the East. I could only have wished to make my translation more worthy of the place where it is to make its appearance; but if I have somewhat fallen short in my performance, I hope it will be accepted as an excuse that I had to translate into a language which is not my own, works of a literature which, notwithstanding all that has been done for it, still is all but virgin soil to us.

HERMANN JACOBI.

MUNSTER, WESTPHALIA,
June, 1884.

Footnotes

^x:1 See Oldenberg's edition, pp. 231, 232; the translation, p. 104 seq., of the second part, Sacred Books of the East, vol. xvii.

^x:2 The passages in which the Natikas occur seem to have been misunderstood by the commentator and the modern translators. Rhys Davids in his translation of the Mahaparinibbana-Sutta (Sacred Books of the East, vol. xi) says in a note, p. 24:. At first Nadika is (twice) spoken of in the plural number; but then, thirdly, in the last clause, in the singular. Buddhaghosa explains this by saying that there were two villages of the same name on the shore of the same piece of water.' The plural Natika denotes, in my opinion, the Kshatriyas, the singular is the adjective specifying Gingakavasatha, which occurs in the first mention of the place in the Mahaparinibbana-Sutta and in the Mahavagga VI, 30, 5, and must be supplied in the former book wherever Nadika is used in the singular. I think the form Nadika is wrong, and Natika, the spelling of the Mahavagga, is correct. Mr. Rhys Davids is also mistaken in saying in the index to his translation: 'Nadika, near Patna.' It is apparent from the narrative in the Mahavagga that the place in question, as well as Kotiggama, was near Vesali.

^xi:1 See Weber, Indische Studien, XVI, p. 262.

^xii:1 See Kalpa Sutra, my edition, p. 113. Ketaka is called the maternal uncle of Mahavira.

^xii:2 See Kalpa Sutra, Lives of the Ginas, section no; Akaranga Sutra II, 15, section 15.

^xii:3 Turnour in the Journal of the Royal As. Soc. of Bengal, VII, p. 992.

^xii:4 Ed. Warren, p. 27.

^xii:5 See Kalpa Sutra, Lives of the Ginas.

^xiii:1 The Gainas are very particular in stating the names and gotras of Mahavira's relations, of whom they have recorded little else. Kalpa Sutra, Lives of the Ginas, section 109.