1. The vowel ri is to be pronounced as long, or rather as ar. Ex. I, 12, 9. tāsmāi pâ̄văkă mrĭlăyā is to be read mārdăyā; V, 33, 10. sāmvărănāsyă rĭshēh is to be read arsheh. But why not sāmvărănāsy͡ ̄ ri*shēh (i. e. siarsheh)?

2. The a privativum may be lengthened. Ex. a̅̆gărāh, a̅̆mrĭtāh.

3. Short vowels before liquids may be long. Ex. na̅̆rah, ta̅̆rutâ, ta̅̆rati, ma̅̆rutâm, ha̅̆rivah, a̅̆rushi, dadhu̅̆r iha, sû̅̆vitâ (p. 471).

4. Short vowels before nasals may be lengthened. Ex. ga̅̆nân, sa̅̆nitar, ta̅̆nûh, ŭpa̅̆ nāh.

5. Short vowels before the ma of the superlative may be lengthened. Ex. nrita̅̆ma.

6. The short a in the roots sam and yam, and in am (the termination of the accusative) may be lengthened.

7. The group ăvă is to be pronounced aūă. Ex. ăvăsē becomes aūăsē; săvĭtâ̄ becomes saūĭtâ̄; năvă becomes naūă.

8. The group ăyă is to be changed into aīă or ēă. Ex. năyăsĭ becomes naīăsĭ.

9. The group vă is to be changed into ua, and this ua to be treated as a kind of diphthong and therefore long. Ex. kānvătămāh becomes kā̆nu͡a̅*tămāh; vărŭnāh becomes u͡a̅*rŭnāh.

10. The short vowel in the reduplicated syllable of perfects is to be lengthened. Ex. ta̅̆tănāh, da̅̆dhĭrē.

11. Short vowels before all aspirates may be lengthened. Ex. răthâh becomes rāthâh; săkhâ becomes sākhâ.

12. Short vowels before h and all sibilants may be lengthened. Ex. măhĭnĭ becomes māhĭnĭ; ŭsĭgâm becomes ūsĭgâm; rĭshătē becomes rīshătē; dăsāt becomes dāsāt.

13. The short vowel before t may be lengthened. Ex. vâgavătah becomes vâgavātah; ătithih becomes ātithih.

14. The short vowel before d may be lengthened. Ex. ŭdaram becomes ūdaram; ŭd ava becomes ūd ava.

15. The short vowel before p may be lengthened. Ex. ăpâm becomes āpâm; tăpushim becomes tāpushim ; grihăpatim becomes grihāpatim.

16. The short vowel before g and g may be lengthened. Ex. sânushăg asat becomes sânushāg asat; yunăgan becomes yunāgan.

Footnotes

civ:a See some important remarks on these varieties in Mr. J. Boxwell's article 'On the Trishtubh Metre,' Journal Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1885, p. 79.

cvii:a A very strong divergence of opinion is expressed on this point by Professor Bollensen. He says: 'O und E erst später in die Schrifttafel aufgenommen, bewahren ihre Länge durch das ganze indische Schriftenthum bis ins Apabhramsa hinab. Selbstverständlich kann kurz o und e im Veda erst recht nicht zugelassen werden.' Zeitschrift der D. M. G., vol. xxii, p. 574.

cviii:a Professor Kuhn has afterwards (Beiträge, vol. iv, p. 207) modified this view, and instead of allowing a final nasal vowel followed by a mute to make positio debilis, he thinks that the nasal should in most cases be omitted altogether.