its saving qualities ; 4. that one is not shaken in the right belief (because heretical sects are more prosperous); 5. that one praises (the pious); 6. that one encourages (weak brethren); 7. that one supports or loves the confessors of the Law; 8. that one endeavours to exalt it. (31)

III. Conduct, which produces the destruction of all Karman, is 1. samayika , the avoidance of everything sinful; 2. khedopasthapana, the initiation of a novice; 3. pariharavisuddhika, purity produced by peculiar austerities ; 4. sukshma samparaya, reduction of desire; 5. akashaya yathakhyata, annihilation of sinfulness according to the precepts of the Arhats, as well in the case of a Khadmastha as of a Gina. (32, 33)

IV. Austerities are twofold: external and internal; both external and internal austerities are sixfold. (34) By knowledge one knows things, by faith one believes in them, by conduct one gets (freedom from Karman), and by austerities one reaches purity. (35)

Having by control and austerities destroyed their Karman, great sages, whose purpose is to get rid of all misery, proceed to (perfection).

Thus I say.

Footnotes

^152:1 This is usually called mati, and is placed before sruta. The same enumeration recurs in XXXIII, 4, p. 193. Umasvati in Moksha Sutra I, 14, gives the following synonyms of mati: smriti, kinta, abhinibodha.

^152:2 Manananam.

^153:1 Dravya, guna, paryaya (paggava in Gaina Prakrit). Guna, quality, is generally not admitted by the Gainas as a separate category, see Silanka's refutation of the Vaiseshika doctrines at the end of his comments on Sutrakritanga I, 12 (Bombay edition, p. 482).

^153:2 They are frequently called astikayas, or realities.

^153:3 It is here called nabhas instead of akasa.

^153:4 Avagaha.

^153:5 Vartana.

^153:6 Upayoga.

^154:1 Singleness (ekatva) makes a thing appear as one thing, separateness (prithaktva) as different from others.

^154:2 Sahasamuiya = svayamsamudita. It is usually rendered sahasammati.

^154:3 Asravasamvara, see above, verse 14, 6 and 7.

^155:1 A khadmastha is one who has not yet obtained Kevala, or the highest knowledge; he is in the two gunasthanas (the fourteen stages in the development of the soul from the lowest to the highest) characterised as 1. upasantamoha, and 2. kshinamoha; viz. 1. that in which delusion is only temporarily separated from the soul, and 2. that in which delusion is finally destroyed.

^155:2 Bahira; apparently the same works are intended which are elsewhere called anangapravishta.

^155:3 The original has the singular.

^155:4 The seven nayas are 'points of view or principles with reference to which certain judgments are arrived at or arrangements made.' Bhandarkar, Report, p. 112.

^156:1 Pravakana.

^156:2 E. g. that of Kapila, &c., Comm.

^156:3 Dharma.