^156:4 Astikaya; see note on verse 7.

^156:5 I.e. true things as soul, &c.

^156:6 Samyaktva righteousness.'

^156:7 Karanaguna. The commentators make this a dvandva compound, and interpret karana as vratadi, and guna as pindavisuddhi, &c.

^156:8 By deliverance I have rendered moksha, and by final perfection nirvana. Moksha denotes freedom from Karman, a condition which in Brahmanical philosophy is called givanmukti.

^157:1 Nivvitigikkha = nirvikikitsa. According to the commentary it may stand for nir-vid-gugupsa 'without loathing the saints.'

^157:2 See Bhandarkar, Report, p. 98, note ++.

^157:3 The Dipika contains the following details. Nine monks resolve to live together for eighteen months. They make one of their number their superior, kalpasthita, four become pariharikas, and the remaining four serve them (anupariharikas). After six months the pariharikas become anupariharikas and vice versa. After another six months the kalpasthita does penance and all the other monks serve him as anupariharikas.

TWENTY-NINTH LECTURE.

THE EXERTION IN RIGHTEOUSNESS.

O long-lived (Gambusvamin)! I (Sudharman) have heard the following discourse from the venerable (Mahavira).

Here, forsooth, the Venerable Ascetic Mahavira, of the Kasyapa Gotra, has delivered this lecture called the exertion in righteousness. Many creatures, who truly believe in the subject (taught in this lecture), put their faith in it, give credence to it, accept it, practise it, comply with it, study it, understand it, learn it, and act up to it according to the precept (of the Ginas) --have obtained perfection, enlightenment, deliverance, final beatitude, and have put an end to all misery.

This lecture treats of the following subjects:

1. samvega, longing for liberation;

2. nirveda, disregard of worldly objects;

3. dharmasraddha, desire of the Law;

4. gurusadharmikasusrushana, obedience to co-religionists and to the Guru.

5. alokana, confession of sins before the Guru;

6. ninda, repenting of one's sins to oneself;

7. garha, repenting of one's sins before the Guru;

8. samayika, moral and intellectual purity of the soul;

9. katurvimsatistava, adoration of the twenty-four Ginas;

10. vandana, paying reverence to the Guru;

11. pratikramana, expiation of sins;

12. kayotsarga, a particular position of the body;

13. pratyakhyana, self-denial;

14. stavastutimangala, praises and hymns;

15. kalasya pratyupekshana, keeping the right time;

16. prayaskittakarana, practising penance;

17. kshamapana, begging forgiveness;

18. svadhyaya, study;

19. vakana, recital of the sacred texts;

20. pariprikkhana, questioning (the teacher);

21. paravartana, repetition;

22. anupreksha, pondering;

23. dharmakatha, religious discourse;