^56:3 The stories about Kitra and Sambhuta and the fate they underwent in many births are common to Brahmans, Gainas, and Buddhists. The whole subject has been exhaustively dealt with by Prof. Leumann in two learned papers in the Wiener Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. v, pp. 1 ff., 111 ff., where an analysis of the various documents which relate this legend is given, and the Prakrit text of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Lectures together with a German translation is published. For all details, therefore, the reader is referred to Prof. Leumann's papers.

^58:1 The commentator constructs Kitra with dhanappabhuya: full of manifold treasures; but Prof. Leumann is probably right in taking it as a vocative.

^59:1 Adana, explained karitradharma.

^60:1 This might be translated, as Professor Leumann suggests: possessing Karman as the germ (of his future destiny); still I prefer the meaning vouched for by the commentators, because karmabiga generally means the germ, i.e. cause of Karman, see below, Thirty-second Lecture, verse 7.

^60:2 See Professor Leumann's remarks on this verse, l.c., p. 137 f.

^60:3 When Sunanda, wife of Sanatkumara, paid homage to Sambhuta, then a Gaina monk, and touched his feet with the curls of her soft hair, he was possessed by the desire to become a universal monarch in reward for his penances. This is the nidana of which the text speaks, and what I render in this connection by 'taking a resolution.' For the story itself, see my Ausgewahlte Erzahlungen in Maharashtri, p. 5 f.

FOURTEENTH LECTURE.

ISHUKARA.

Having been gods in a former existence and lived in the same heavenly region, some were born (here below) in the ancient, wealthy, and famous

town called Ishukara , which is beautiful like heaven. (1)

By a remnant of the merit they had acquired in their former life, they were born in noble families. Disgusted with the world and afraid of the Samsara, they abandoned (pleasures, &c.) and took refuge in the path of the Ginas. (2)

Two males remained bachelors, (the third became) the Purohita (Bhrigu), (the fourth) his wife Yasa, (the fifth) the widely-famed king Ishukara, and (the sixth) his wife Kamalavati. (3)

Overcome by fear of birth, old age, and death, their mind intent on pilgrimage, and hoping to escape the Wheel of Births, they examined pleasures and abandoned them. (4)

Both dear sons of the Brahmanical Purohita, who was intent on works, remembered their former birth, and the penance and self-control they had then practised. (5)

Averse to human and heavenly pleasures, desiring liberation, and full of faith, they went to their father and spoke thus: (6)

'Seeing that the lot of man is transitory and precarious, and that his life lasts not long, we take no delight in domestic life; we bid you farewell: we shall turn monks.' (7)