[paragraph continues] The next class contains 64 fasts, the fourth 4,096, the fifth 16,777,216 fasts. Fasts of the last class require 700,000 years at least, and must be assumed to be restricted to former Tirthakaras, whose lives lasted enormous periods of time.

^176:1 Saparikarma = vaiyavrityasahita. This leads to inginimarana and bhaktapratyakhyana; the aparikarma to padapopagamana (i.e. prayopagamana); comp. part i, p. 72.

^176:2 Thirty-two mouthfuls is the usual quantity of food of men, twenty-eight that of women. A mouthful is of the size of an egg.

^176:3 Nagara, where no taxes (na kara) are levied, while villages pay eighteen taxes.

^176:4 Nigama, or a place where many merchants dwell.

^176:5 Palli.

^176:6 Kheta.

^176:7 Karvata. According to the dictionary, it means 'market-town;' but the commentators render it by kunagara, or say that it is karvataganavasa, the dwelling-place of the Karvata people.

^176:8 Dronamukha, a town to which there is access by water and land, like Bhrigukakkha or Tamralipti.

^176:9 Pattana.

^176:10 Matamba, a town which is more than three and a half yoganas distant from the next village.

^176:11 Sambadha, prabhutakaturvarnyanivasa.

^177:1 A dwelling-place of Bhikshus, or a devagriha.

^177:2 Sannivesa.

^177:3 Samaga.

^177:4 These are terms for different kinds of collecting alms; it is called peta (box), when one begs successively at four houses forming the corners of an imaginary square; gomutrika, when he takes the houses in a zigzag line; patangavithika (cricket's walk), when he goes to houses at a great distance from one another; sambukavartta (the windings of a conch), when he goes in a spiral line, either toward the centre (abhyantara) or from the centre outward (bahis); ayatam-gatva-pratyagata, when he first goes straight on and then returns.

^177:5 I give the traditional explanation of the verses, as handed down in the commentaries. If we might set it aside, I should translate: abstinence with reference to disposition is observed by him who in collecting alms preserves the same disposition, whether he has to do with a woman or man, &c.

^178:1 For development (paggava = paryaya) denotes any form or phase of existence which anything can assume. Therefore all particulars of place, e.g. are developments of Place. As all restrictions of place, &c., indirectly diminish the food obtainable by a monk, they also come under the head Abstinence.