^221:1 Kukkuta is given in the dictionaries as the name of a small lizard.

^221:2 Nandyavarta occurs elsewhere as the name of a particular fish, and of a shell. It can be neither of these in our passage, as both animals belong to other classes than the Katurindriyas.

^221:3 Etymologically: with many-coloured wings. Probably butterflies are intended.

^221:4 Tirikkha = tiryak. Apparently only the higher animals are intended by this term, the lower animals, from the insects downwards, being enumerated in the preceding classes of beings.

^222:1 It will be seen that the longest duration of life in each hell is always equal to the shortest in the preceding one.

^223:1 Sammurkhima. They grow by assimilating the materials in their surrounding. According to a second explanation, their internal organ does not fully develop.

^223:2 See page <page 16>, note .

^223:3 This is, according to the Avakuri, the meaning of puhuttam prithaktvam.

^224:1 E.g. the karmakatakas or bats.

^224:2 Samudga. These interesting birds are said to live outside the Manushottara, or world inhabited by men.

^224:3 The comm. do not tell us what kind of birds is intended.

^224:4 The comm. do not explain this expression; the meaning, therefore, is doubtful. I give a literal translation of it in this and the next. verse.

^224:5 See page <page 223>, note , on verse 171.

^225:1 Concerning Karmabhumi, see part i, p.195, note 1. The Avakuri places the Akarmabhumi first, but the next verse proves that it originally stood in the second place.

^225:2 These are seven groups of islands situated off the eastern and western ends of the Himalaya, which are inhabited by fabulous races.

^225:3 According to the Avakuri, there are five kinds in Bharata, five in Airavata, and five in Videha.

^225:4 Viz. five in each of the six Akarmabhumis: Haimavata, Harivarsha, Hairanyavata, Devakuru, and Uttarakuru.

^225:5 According to the commentaries the word kumara is to be supplied after each of the ten names.

^226:1 They are termed Kalpopaga and Kalpatita.

^226:2 I am not sure that these are the correct Sanskrit forms of the two last Kalpas; the original has Anaya and Panaya.

^226:3 I.e. those who live on the neck (griva), i.e. on the upper part of the universe.

^226:4 I.e. those above whom there dwell no other gods.

^228:1 From this verse to verse 241 the length of life increases by one Sagaropama in each following class of gods.

^229:1 Viz. Vigaya, Vaigayanta, Gayanta, and Aparagita.