^42:2 The periods called asamkhya are measured by utsarpinis and avasarpinis which correspond to the kalpas of the Hindus, but greatly exaggerated. An asamkhya is the longest time (ukkosam = utkarsham) which a soul may be doomed to live in earth-bodies; see below, XXXVI, 81 ff.

^42:3 This is, according to the commentary, the meaning of duranta.

^43:1 A samkhigga, i.e. samkhyeya, is a period which can be measured by thousands of years.

^44:1 This attribute is here given to 'water,' because in autumn the water becomes pure, and even the purest water has no hold upon the leaves of a lotus; thus a saint should give up even the best and dearest attachment.

^45:1 As this assertion cannot be put in the mouth of Mahavira, this verse must be set down as a later addition--or perhaps as a blunder of the poet similar to that noted before, in IX, 42.

^45:2 This seems, according to the commentary, to be the meaning of the phrase akalevarasenim usiya. Akalevarasreni is said to mean as much as kshapakasreni.

^45:3 Buddha.

^45:4 Buhae = vrimhayet; literally, propagate.

^45:5 Here the word b u d d h a is used as a title; but its use is very restricted, scarcely going beyond that of a common epithet. This is just what we otherwise should have to assume in order to explain the use by the Bauddhas of that word to denote the founder of their sect. In the Sutrakritanga II, 6, 28 Buddha, in the plural, actually denotes the prophets of the Buddhists.

ELEVENTH LECTURE.

THE VERY LEARNED.

I shall explain, in due order, the right discipline of a houseless monk who has got rid of all worldly ties. Listen to me. (1)

He who is ignorant of the truth, egoistical, greedy, without self-discipline, and who talks loosely, is called ill-behaved and void of learning. (2)

There are five causes which render wholesome discipline impossible: egoism, delusion, carelessness, illness, and idleness: (3)

For eight causes discipline is called virtue, viz.: not to be fond of mirth, to control one's self, not to speak evil of others, not to be without discipline, not to be of wrong discipline, not to be covetous, not to be choleric, to love the truth; for their influence discipline is called virtue. (4, 5)

A monk who is liable to the following fourteen charges, is called ill-behaved, and does not reach Nirvana: (6)

If he is frequently angry; if he perseveres in his wrath; if he spurns friendly advice; if he is proud of his learning; if he finds fault with others; if he is angry even with friends; if he speaks evil even of a good friend behind his back; if he is positive in his assertions; if he is malicious, egoistical, greedy,

without self-discipline; if he does not share with others; if he is always unkind: then he is called ill-behaved. (7-9)