194:144 The term Yavanas, although in later times applied to the Mohammedans, designated formerly the Greeks, as observed in the valuable notes on the translation of the Birth of Umá, from the Kumára Sambhava. (Journal As. Soc. of Bengal, July 1833.) The Greeks were known throughout western Asia by the term ‏ו יון‎, Yavan; or Ion, Ἰαονες; the Yavana, ###, of the Hindus; or as it occurs in its Prakrit form, in the very curious inscription decyphered by Mr. Prinsep, (J. As. Soc. Beng. Feb. 1838,) Yona: the term Yona Rájá being there associated with the name Antiochus, in all likelihood Antiochus the Great, the ally of the Indian prince Sophagasenas, about B. C. 210. That the Macedonian or Bactrian Greeks were most usually intended is not only probable from their position and relations with India, but from their being usually named in concurrence with the north-western tribes, Kambojas, Daradas, Páradas, Báhlikas, Śakas, &c. in the Rámáyańa, Mahábhárata, Puráńas, Manu, and in various poems and plays.

194:145 Chinas, or Chinese, or rather the people of Chinese Tartary, are named in the Rámáyańa and Manu, as well as in the Puráńas. If the designation China was derived from the Tsin dynasty, which commenced B. C. 260, this forms a limit of antiquity for the works in question. The same word however, or Tsin, was the ancient appellation of the northern province of Shen-sy, and it may have reached the Hindus from thence at an earlier period.

194:146 These Wilford regards as the people of Arachosia. They are always mentioned together with the north-western tribes, Yavanas, Śakas, and the like: they are also famous for their hoses; and in the Rámáyańa they are said to be covered with golden lotuses. What is meant is doubtful, probably some ornament or embellishment of their dress. We have part of the name, or Kambi, in the Cambistholi of Arrian: the last two syllables, no doubt, represent the Sanscrit Sthala, 'place,' 'district;' and the word denotes the dwellers in the Kamba or Kambis country: so Kámboja may be explained those born in Kamba or Kambas.

194:147 Also Śakridvaha or Śakridguha.

194:148 Also Kulachchas and Kuntalas: the Puráńas have Kupathas amongst the mountain tribes.

194:149 Also Párataka: the first is not a common form in the Puráńas, although it is in poetical writings, denoting, no doubt, the Persians, or people of Pars or Fars: the latter, also read Páradas, may imply the same, as beyond (Pára) the Indus.

194:150 We have Ramathas in Nakula's Dig-vijaya, and in the Váyu and Matsya.

194:151 Daśamánas and Deśamánikas, in the north: Váyu and Matsya.